This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Bhagya Mudgal
Basics
Basic syntax and functions from the C++ programming language.
1. Boilerplate
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hi, I am Bhagya Mudgal";
return 0;
}
2. cout <<
It prints output on the screen.
cout << "This is C++ Programming";
3. cin >>
It takes input from the user.
cin >> variable_name;
Data types
The data type is the type of data.
1. char
Typically a one byte. It is an character type.
char variable_name;
2. int
Size depends on compiler, 2 bytes in 32-bit compiler and 4 bytes in 54-bit compiler.
int variable_name;
3. float
A single-precision floating-point value.
float variable_name;
4. double
A double-precision floating-point value.
double variable_name;
5. void
Represents the absence of the type.
void
6. bool
Represent Boolean value i.e. either true or false.
bool
Escape Sequences
In computer science, an escape sequence is a combination of characters that has a meaning other than the literal characters contained therein.
1. Alarm or beep
It produces a beep sound.
\a
2. Backspace
It adds a backspace.
\b
3. Newline
Newline Character.
\n
4. Carriage return
\r
5. Tab
It gives a tab space.
\t
6. Backslash
It adds a backslash.
\\
7. Single quote
It adds a single quotation mark.
\'
8. Question mark
It adds a question mark.
\?
9. Octal Number
It represents the value of an octal number.
\nnn
10. Hexadecimal Number
It represents the value of a hexadecimal number.
\xhh
11. Null
The null character is usually used to terminate a string.
\0
Comments
A comment is a code that is not executed by the compiler, and the programmer uses it to explain the code where needed.
1. Single line comment
// It's a single line comment
2. Multi-line comment
/* It's a
multi-line
comment
*/
Strings
It is a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes.
1. Declaring String
// Include the string library
#include <string>
// String variable
string variable1 = "Hello World";
2. append() function
It is used to concatenate two strings
string firstName = "Bhagya ";
string lastName = "Mudgal";
string fullName = firstName.append(lastName);
cout << fullName; // Output: BhagyaMudgal
3. length() function
It returns the length of the string
string variable = "Bhagya Mudgal";
cout << "The length of the string is: " << variable.length();
// Output: The length of the string is: 13
4. Accessing and changing string characters
string variable = "Hello World";
variable[1] = 'i';
cout << variable; // Output: Hillo World
Maths
C++ provides some built-in math functions that help the programmer to perform mathematical operations efficiently.
To use functions these functions first include cmath in your program.
#include <cmath>
1. max() function
It returns the larger value among the given two values.
cout << max(25, 150); // Output: 150
2. min() function
It returns the smaller value among the given two values.
cout << min(75, 150); // Output: 75
3. sqrt() function
It returns the square root of the given number.
cout << sqrt(25); // Output: 5
4. ceil() function
It returns the value of x rounded up to its nearest integer.
int x=2.5;
ceil(x); // Output: 3
5. floor() function
It returns the value of x rounded down to its nearest integer.
int x=2.5;
floor(x); // Output: 2
6. pow() function
It returns the value of x to the power of y.
int x=5, y=2;
pow(x, y); // Output: 25
Control Statements
Conditional statements are used to perform operations based on some condition.
1. if Statement
if (condition) {
// This block of code will get executed, if the condition is True
}
2. if-else Statement
if (condition) {
// If condition is True then this block will get executed
} else {
// If condition is False then this block will get executed
}
3. if-else if Statement
if (condition) {
// Statements;
}
else if (condition){
// Statements;
}
else{
// Statements
}
4. Ternary Operator
It is shorthand of an if-else statement.
variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;
5. Switch Case Statement
It allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values (cases).
switch (expression)
{
case constant-expression: statement1;
statement2;
break;
case constant-expression: statement;
break;
default: statement;
break;
}
Iterative Statements known as Loops
Iterative statements facilitate programmers to execute any block of code lines repeatedly and can be controlled as per conditions added by the programmer.
1. while Loop
It iterates the block of code as long as a specified condition is True
while (/* condition */)
{
/* code block to be executed */
}
2. do-while loop
It is an exit controlled loop. It is very similar to the while loop with one difference, i.e., the body of the do-while loop is executed at least once even if the condition is False
do
{
/* code */
} while (/* condition */);
3. for loop
It is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program several times. It is frequently used to traverse the data structures like the array and linked list.
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
{
/* code */
}
4. Break Statement
break keyword inside the loop is used to terminate the loop.
break;
5. Continue Statement
continue keyword skips the rest of the current iteration of the loop and returns to the starting point of the loop.
continue;
References
Reference is an alias for an already existing variable. Once it is initialized to a variable, it cannot be changed to refer to another variable. So, it's a const pointer.
Creating References
string var1 = "Value1"; // var1 variable
string &var2 = var1; // reference to var1
Pointers
Pointer is a variable that holds the memory address of another variable.
Declaration
datatype *var_name;
var_name = &variable2;
Functions
Functions are used to divide an extensive program into smaller pieces. It can be called multiple times to provide reusability and modularity to the program.
1. Function Definition
return_type function_name(data_type parameter...){
//code to be executed
}
2. Function Call
function_name(arguments);
Recursion
Recursion is when a function calls a copy of itself to work on a minor problem. And the function that calls itself is known as the Recursive function.
void recurse()
{
... .. ...
recurse();
... .. ...
}
Object-Oriented Programming
It is a programming approach that primarily focuses on using objects and classes. The objects can be any real-world entities.
1. class
A class in C++ is a user-defined type or data structure declared with keyword class that has data and functions as its members whose access is governed by the three access specifiers private, protected or public. By default access to members of a C++ class is private.
class Class_name {
public: // Access specifier
// fields
// functions
// blocks
};
2. object
It is an instance of a class.
Class_name ObjectName;
3. Constructors
It is a special method that is called automatically as soon as the object is created.
class className { // The class
public: // Access specifier
className() { // Constructor
cout << "Code With Harry";
}
};
int main() {
className obj_name;
return 0;
}
4. Encapsulation
Data encapsulation is a mechanism of bundling the data, and the functions that use them and data abstraction is a mechanism of exposing only the interfaces and hiding the implementation details from the user.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class ExampleEncap{
private:
/* Since we have marked these data members private,
* any entity outside this class cannot access these
* data members directly, they have to use getter and
* setter functions.
*/
int num;
char ch;
public:
/* Getter functions to get the value of data members.
* Since these functions are public, they can be accessed
* outside the class, thus provide the access to data members
* through them
*/
int getNum() const {
return num;
}
char getCh() const {
return ch;
}
/* Setter functions, they are called for assigning the values
* to the private data members.
*/
void setNum(int num) {
this->num = num;
}
void setCh(char ch) {
this->ch = ch;
}
};
int main(){
ExampleEncap obj;
obj.setNum(100);
obj.setCh('A');
cout<<obj.getNum()<<endl;
cout<<obj.getCh()<<endl;
return 0;
}
File Handling
File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. C++ provides some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files.
1. Creating and writing to a text file
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
// Create and open a text file
ofstream MyFile("filename.txt");
// Write to the file
MyFile << "File Handling in C++";
// Close the file
MyFile.close();
}
2. Reading a file
getline() function allows us to read the file line by line
getline();
3. Opening a File
open() method opens a file in the C++ program.
void open(const char* file_name,ios::openmode mode);
openmodes:
in
Opens the file to read(default for ifstream).
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::in);
out
Opens the file to write(default for ofstream).
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::out);
- binary
Opens the file in binary mode.
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::binary);
- app
Opens the file and appends all the outputs at the end.
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::app);
- ate
Opens the file and moves the control to the end of the file.
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::ate);
- trunc
Removes the data in the existing file.
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::trunc);
- nocreate
Opens the file only if it already exists.
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::nocreate);
- noreplace
Opens the file only if it does not already exist.
fs.open ("test.txt", std::fstream::noreplace);
4. Closing a file
close() method closes the file.
myfile.close();
Exception Handling
An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the flow of the program.
try and catch block
A basic try-catch block in python. When the try block throws an error, the control goes to the catch block.
try {
// code to try
throw exception; // If a problem arises, then throw an exception
}
catch () {
// Block of code to handle errors
I hope this C++ Cheat Sheet will help you and save your time.
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This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Bhagya Mudgal
Bhagya Mudgal | Sciencx (2021-09-17T01:54:29+00:00) Cheat Sheet for C++. Retrieved from https://www.scien.cx/2021/09/17/cheat-sheet-for-c/
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