This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Danny Adams
I recently wrote a comprehensive Beginners Guide to TypeScript for FreeCodeCamp, but I wanted distil everything from the article into a concise, easy-to-revise-from cheat sheet. So that's what I did.
This cheat sheet explains the following fundamental TypeScript concepts, with code examples:
- Setting up a project
- Compiling TypeScript
- Strict mode
- Primitive types
- Union types
- Dynamic types
- Literal types
- Objects
- Arrays
- Tuples
- Functions
- Type aliases
- Interfaces
- The DOM and type casting
- Generics
- Enums
- Narrowing
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Here is everything included in the cheat sheet:
Setup
Install TS globally on your machine
$ npm i -g typescript
Check version
$ tsc -v
Create the tsconfig.json file
$ tsc --init
Set the root (to compile TS files from) and output (for the compiled JS files) directories in tsconfig.json
"rootDir": "./src",
"outDir": "./public",
Compiling
Compile a specified TS file into a JS file of the same name, into the same directory (i.e. index.ts to index.js)
$ tsc index.ts
Tell tsc to compile specified file whenever a change is saved by adding the watch flag (-w)
$ tsc index.ts -w
Compile specified file into specified output file
$ tsc index.ts --outfile out/script.js
If no file is specified, tsc will compile all TS files in the "rootDir" and output in the "outDir". Add -w to watch for changes.
$ tsc -w
Strict Mode
In tsconfig.json, it is recommended to set strict to true. One helpful feature of strict mode is No Implicit Any:
// Error: Parameter 'a' implicitly has an 'any' type
function logName(a) {
console.log(a.name)
}
Primitive Types
There are 7 primitive types in JS:
- string
- number
- bigInt
- boolean
- undefined
- null
- symbol
Explicit type annotation
let firstname: string = "Danny"
If we assign a value (as above), we don't need to state the type - TS will infer it ("implicit type annotation")
let firstname = "Danny"
Union Types
A variable that can be assigned more than one type
let age: number | string
age = 26
age = "26"
Dynamic Types
The any type basically reverts TS back to JS
let age: any = 100
age = true
Literal Types
We can refer to specific strings & numbers in type positions
let direction: "UP" | "DOWN"
direction = "UP"
Objects
Objects in TS must have all the correct properties & value types
let person: {
name: string
isProgrammer: boolean
}
person = {
name: "Danny",
isProgrammer: true,
}
person.age = 26 // Error - no age prop on person object
person.isProgrammer = "yes" // Error - should be boolean
Arrays
We can define what kind of data an array can contain
let ids: number[] = []
ids.push(1)
ids.push("2") // Error
Use a union type for arrays with multiple types
let options: (string | number)[]
options = [10, "UP"]
If a value is assigned, TS will infer the types in the array
let person = ["Delia", 48]
person[0] = true // Error - only strings or numbers allowed
Tuples
A tuple is a special type of array with fixed size & known data types at each index. They're stricter than regular arrays.
let options: [string, number]
options = ["UP", 10]
Functions
We can define the types of the arguments, and the return type. Below, : string could be omitted because TS would infer the return type.
function circle(diam: number): string {
return "Circumf = " + Math.PI * diam
}
The same function as an ES6 arrow
const circle = (diam: number): string => "Circumf = " + Math.PI * diam
If we want to declare a function, but not define it, use a function signature
let sayHi: (name: string) => void
sayHi = (name: string) => console.log("Hi " + name)
sayHi("Danny") // Hi Danny
Type Aliases
Allow you to create a new name for an existing type. They can help to reduce code duplication.
They're similar to interfaces, but can also describe primitive types.
type StringOrNum = string | number
let id: StringOrNum = 24
Interfaces
Interfaces are used to describe objects. Interfaces can always be reopened & extended, unlike Type Aliases. Notice that name is readonly
interface Person {
name: string
isProgrammer: boolean
}
let p1: Person = {
name: "Delia",
isProgrammer: false,
}
p1.name = "Del" // Error - read only
Two ways to describe a function in an interface
interface Speech {
sayHi(name: string): string
sayBye: (name: string) => string
}
let speech: Speech = {
sayHi: function (name: string) {
return "Hi " + name
},
sayBye: (name: string) => "Bye " + name,
}
Extending an interface
interface Animal {
name: string
}
interface Dog extends Animal {
breed: string
}
The DOM & Type Casting
TS doesn't have access to the DOM, so use the non-null operator (!) to tell TS the expression isn't null or undefined
const link = document.querySelector("a")!
If an element is selected by id or class, we need to tell TS what type of element it is via Type Casting
const form = document.getElementById("signupform") as HTMLFormElement
Generics
Generics allow for type safety in components where the arguments & return types are unkown ahead of time
interface HasLength {
length: number
}
// logLength accepts all types with a length property
const logLength = <T extends HasLength>(a: T) => {
console.log(a.length)
}
// TS "captures" the type implicitly
logLength("Hello") // 5
// Can also explicitly pass the type to T
logLength<number[]>([1, 2, 3]) // 3
Declare a type, T, which can change in your interface
interface Dog<T> {
breed: string
treats: T
}
// We have to pass in a type argument
let labrador: Dog<string> = {
breed: "labrador",
treats: "chew sticks, tripe",
}
let scottieDog: Dog<string[]> = {
breed: "scottish terrier",
treats: ["turkey", "haggis"],
}
Enums
A set of related values, as a set of descriptive constants
enum ResourceType {
BOOK,
FILE,
FILM,
}
ResourceType.BOOK // 0
ResourceType.FILE // 1
Narrowing
Occurs when a variable moves from a less precise type to a more precise type
let age = getUserAge()
age // string | number
if (typeof age === "string") {
age // string
}
Thanks for reading
Hope this cheat sheet is useful!
Again, feel free to download the one-page PDF or order a poster:
One-page TypeScript cheat sheet PDF
For more from me, you can follow me on Twitter, or subscribe to my YouTube channel.
Cheers!
This content originally appeared on DEV Community and was authored by Danny Adams
Danny Adams | Sciencx (2022-02-01T19:17:36+00:00) TypeScript Cheat Sheet đź“„ (32 Code Examples + Free PDF & Poster). Retrieved from https://www.scien.cx/2022/02/01/typescript-cheat-sheet-%f0%9f%93%84-32-code-examples-free-pdf-poster/
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