Improving Text Embeddings with Large Language Models: Main Results

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Authors:
(1) Liang Wang, Microsoft Corporation, and Correspondence to (wangliang@microsoft.com);
(2) Nan Yang, Microsoft Corporation, and correspondence to (nanya@microsoft.com);
(3) Xiaolong Huang, Microsoft Corporation;
(4) Linjun Yang, Micro…


This content originally appeared on HackerNoon and was authored by Auto Encoder: How to Ignore the Signal Noise

:::info Authors:

(1) Liang Wang, Microsoft Corporation, and Correspondence to (wangliang@microsoft.com);

(2) Nan Yang, Microsoft Corporation, and correspondence to (nanya@microsoft.com);

(3) Xiaolong Huang, Microsoft Corporation;

(4) Linjun Yang, Microsoft Corporation;

(5) Rangan Majumder, Microsoft Corporation;

(6) Furu Wei, Microsoft Corporation and Correspondence to (fuwei@microsoft.com).

:::

Abstract and 1 Introduction

2 Related Work

3 Method

3.1 Synthetic Data Generation

3.2 Training

4 Experiments

4.1 Statistics of the Synthetic Data

4.2 Model Fine-tuning and Evaluation

4.3 Main Results

4.4 Multilingual Retrieval

5 Analysis

5.1 Is Contrastive Pre-training Necessary?

5.2 Extending to Long Text Embeddings and 5.3 Analysis of Training Hyperparameters

6 Conclusion and References

A Implementation Details

B Test Set Contamination Analysis

C Prompts for Synthetic Data Generation

D Instructions for Training and Evaluation

4.3 Main Results

Table 1: Results on the MTEB benchmark [28] (56 datasets in the English subset). The numbers are averaged for each category. Please refer to Table 15 for the scores per dataset.

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\ Table 2: Comparison with commercial models and the model that tops the MTEB leaderboard (as of 2023-12-22). For the commercial models listed here, little details are available on their model architectures and training data.

\ In Table 2, we also present a comparison with several commercial text embedding models. However, due to the lack of transparency and documentation about these models, a fair comparison is not feasible. We focus especially on the retrieval performance on the BEIR benchmark, since RAG is an emerging technique to enhance LLM with external knowledge and proprietary data. As Table 2 shows, our model outperforms the current commercial models by a significant margin.

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:::info This paper is available on arxiv under CC0 1.0 DEED license.

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This content originally appeared on HackerNoon and was authored by Auto Encoder: How to Ignore the Signal Noise


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